Packing Checklist For Trekking in Nepal

Although trekking in Nepal does not require specialized equipment, it is essential to have a well-prepared packing list of trek gear and equipment to ensure a safe and enjoyable journey. You need to make sure all your gear is appropriate, serviceable, and in good working order.

Consider demands for comfort and safety before you embark on a trek in Nepal. Do you have warm climbing pants? Good waterproof gear? Trekking poles? Have you hiked in your trekking boots to break them in? Your packing list for trekking in Nepal depends upon the type of trek you choose. If you choose to go for easy and short trekking routes in Nepal, you will certainly need to pack less trekking equipment and gear compared to hard and longer trekking routes.

However, if you plan to trek with a trekking agency, they will guide you in preparing and packing your backpack. So, always opt for the best trekking company in Nepal while planning your trek as they will also take care of your safety and medical supplies.

Now, with years of trekking experience in different regions, I’m here to share my expertise with you. The packing items below are my collection of trek gear and equipment I carried throughout my trekking journey.

You can use the items below as a checklist and decide what to carry and what not to carry, depending on your trek routes.

Travel Clothing For Trekking in Nepal

Headwear - Protect Your Head!

Sun Hat or Brimmed Hat

A sun cap or brimmed hat is an essential clothing item for trekking in Nepal. It offers crucial protection from the intense sun at high altitudes. The sun’s rays can be particularly harsh in the mountains, leading to sunburn or heat-related issues.

A brimmed hat not only shields your face, neck, and ears from UV exposure but also helps keep you cool by providing shade, making your trek more comfortable and safer.

Woolen Cap

A woolen cap is essential, especially in the colder regions and higher altitudes. It provides warmth by insulating your head and ears against the biting cold, which is crucial during chilly mornings and evenings.

Wool is also breathable and moisture-wicking, helping to keep you dry and comfortable even when you’re exerting yourself on the trail.

Neck Gaiter / Microfleece Buff

A neck gaiter or microfleece buff is a versatile clothing item you must have on your packing list. It protects against the cold, wind, and dust, which are common in high-altitude environments.

The lightweight, breathable fabric can be easily adjusted to cover your neck, face, or head, keeping you warm in fluctuating mountain temperatures. Its compact design makes it easy to pack, ensuring you're prepared for the unpredictable weather conditions on the trails.

Bodywear - Torso

Down Jacket

It's an essential clothing item for trekking in Nepal, especially in high-altitude regions, where temperatures can drop significantly. A down jacket is a lightweight, insulated jacket filled with soft feathers, offering excellent warmth without much bulk.

The jacket’s insulation helps retain body heat, keeping trekkers warm during chilly mornings and cold nights. Its packable design also makes it convenient to carry, making it a must-have for staying comfortable in Nepal’s diverse and often unpredictable mountain weather.

Thermal Inner Layer / Baselayer Set

A Thermal Inner Layer, or Baselayer Set, is crucial for trekking in Nepal, especially in colder climates or high altitudes. This set provides insulation by trapping body heat while wicking away moisture, ensuring you stay warm and dry during the trek.

It's lightweight and breathable, making it an essential first layer under your outerwear to combat the fluctuating temperatures you'll encounter in Nepal's diverse trekking environments.

Fleece Pullover or Hoodie

A fleece pullover or hoodie is an essential clothing item for trekking in Nepal due to its lightweight warmth and versatility. It provides crucial insulation against the cold, especially during early mornings and evenings when temperatures drop.

Fleece is also breathable, allowing moisture to escape, which helps keep you dry and comfortable on the trail. Additionally, its quick-drying properties make it ideal for the varying weather conditions often encountered in Nepal's mountainous regions.

Waterproof and Windproof Jacket

It is essential due to unpredictable weather, especially in mountainous areas. The high-altitude trails often experience sudden rain showers and strong winds.

This jacket keeps you dry and warm, preventing hypothermia and ensuring comfort throughout the trek. Investing in a good quality jacket is crucial for a safe and enjoyable trekking experience in Nepal’s diverse climates.

Hiking T-Shirts

Hiking t-shirts are an essential clothing item due to their moisture-wicking properties, which help keep you dry and comfortable during long hikes. Designed to be lightweight and breathable, these t-shirts regulate body temperature, preventing overheating in warmer climates and providing a layer of warmth in cooler conditions.

Their quick-drying fabric is particularly useful in Nepal's varied weather, ensuring you stay comfortable even after unexpected showers or intense physical activity.

Sports Bra:

A sports bra is a specially designed undergarment that provides support and comfort during physical activities, particularly for women. When trekking in Nepal, a well-fitted sports bra is essential as it minimizes movement and reduces discomfort, allowing for better focus on the trail ahead.

Additionally, it helps with moisture-wicking and breathability, crucial for managing sweat in varying weather conditions. Overall, wearing a sports bra enhances comfort and performance, making it a vital piece of gear for any trekking adventure.

Lower Body – Beneath the Torso

Hiking Shorts

Hiking shorts are a must-have clothing item for packing due to their comfort and breathability. Made from lightweight, moisture-wicking materials, they help keep you cool during strenuous hikes in warm weather. Their durability and quick-drying properties are essential for navigating varied terrains and weather conditions typical of the region.

Additionally, many hiking shorts come with pockets and features like adjustable waistbands, making them practical for carrying essentials while on the trail.

Hiking Pants

Hiking pants are versatile, durable, and comfortable and are a crucial clothing item for Nepal treks. Made from lightweight, moisture-wicking fabrics, they provide breathability and help regulate body temperature during long treks. Additionally, many hiking pants come with features like stretchable material, multiple pockets, and quick-drying properties, making them ideal for varying weather conditions and rugged terrain.

Comfortable Pants

Comfortable Pants are made from lightweight, breathable materials, they allow for ease of movement and are a perfect addition to your list of clothing items. You can wear these pants during your tea house stay.

Sports Underwear

Sports underwear is specially designed for high-performance activities, offering moisture-wicking properties, breathability, and support. These features are essential while trekking in Nepal as they help manage sweat and keep you dry, reducing the risk of chafing and discomfort during long hikes.

Additionally, sports underwear often provides a snug fit, ensuring that you have the freedom to move without any distractions. Investing in quality sports underwear can significantly enhance your trekking experience, allowing you to focus on the stunning landscapes and your adventure.

Handwear

Lightweight Fleece Gloves

Lightweight fleece gloves provide essential insulation for your hands while still allowing for ease of movement, which is important for handling trekking gear or using a camera. Their lightweight nature means they can easily be packed without adding significant weight to your gear, making them ideal for long treks in varying climates.

Additionally, the moisture-wicking properties of fleece help keep your hands dry, ensuring you stay comfortable even in cooler temperatures. You can use it as an inner glove at a high altitude when the temperature is harsh.

Outdoor Thick Gloves

Outdoor thick gloves are crucial clothing gear especially in the colder regions and during high-altitude hikes. They provide essential warmth and protection against harsh weather conditions, such as biting winds and freezing temperatures. Made from insulated materials, these gloves keep your hands dry and comfortable, allowing for better flexibility when handling trekking poles or equipment.

Investing in a good pair of thick gloves ensures you can focus on the breathtaking scenery and enjoy your trekking experience without the discomfort of cold hands.

Footwear

Spare laces are crucial as they ensure you can quickly replace broken or worn-out laces, maintaining the integrity of your boots throughout your journey. This preparedness allows trekkers to focus on breathtaking landscapes and cultural experiences without worrying about their gear.

Hiking Boots with Spare Laces

Trust me, Hiking boots are one of the most crucial trek gear while trekking in Nepal. Your hiking boots are the most used items throughout the trek. A sturdy pair of hiking boots provides the necessary support, traction, and protection for your feet, reducing the risk of injuries during long treks.

Tip: Make sure to buy hiking boots a few days before your trip and use them. And trust me new hiking boots can cause pain or blisters in your feet or ankles which can make your trek uncomfortable.

Sandals

It would be best if you allowed your feet to breathe when you are off the trail. You can use them while wandering inside and around teahouses or lodges. Most trekkers don't carry sandals but I recommend you to carry one pair of sandals.

Leg Gaiters

Leg gaiters are protective coverings worn over the lower legs and footwear, designed to keep out debris, moisture, and snow while trekking. They are essential for trekking in Nepal, where the rugged terrain often includes mud, loose rocks, and wet conditions. By preventing dirt and moisture from entering your boots, gaiters help maintain comfort and dryness, reducing the risk of blisters and other foot issues.

Additionally, they provide extra insulation and protection from cold weather, making them a vital accessory for any trekker navigating Nepal's diverse landscapes.

Hiking Socks

Hiking socks are specifically designed to provide comfort, support, and protection during treks, making them an essential footwear item for trekking in Nepal. They are typically made from moisture-wicking materials that keep your feet dry, reducing the risk of blisters and discomfort over long distances. The cushioning and arch support in hiking socks also help absorb impact and enhance overall comfort, especially on rugged terrain.

Investing in a good pair of hiking socks can significantly improve your trekking experience, allowing you to focus on the stunning landscapes without the distraction of sore feet.

Inner Socks

Inner socks are lightweight, moisture-wicking socks worn beneath thicker outer socks while trekking. They play a crucial role in reducing friction between the foot and the outer sock, which helps prevent blisters and enhances overall comfort during long treks.

In the rugged terrains of Nepal, where trekking can be demanding, inner socks provide added cushioning and temperature regulation, keeping your feet dry and warm.

Gear and Additional Accessories For Trekking in Nepal

Rucksack with Rain Cover

A rucksack with a rain cover is essential gear for trekking in Nepal due to the unpredictable weather conditions that can occur, especially in the mountainous regions. A durable rucksack designed for trekking provides comfort and support, making it easier to carry heavy loads over long distances.

Having a rain cover not only safeguards your gear but also enhances your overall trekking experience by allowing you to focus on the adventure ahead without worrying about the elements.

Raincoat

A raincoat is a lightweight, waterproof jacket designed to keep you dry during unexpected rain showers, which are common in the diverse climates of Nepal. For trekkers, it is essential gear as it not only protects against rain but also provides a layer of insulation against wind.

Staying dry is crucial for maintaining body temperature and comfort, and preventing hypothermia and fatigue. Given the unpredictable weather in the Himalayas, a reliable raincoat is a must-have to ensure a safe and enjoyable trekking experience.

Trekking Poles

Trekking poles are essential gear, providing stability and support on uneven terrain. They help distribute weight, reducing strain on the knees and joints, especially during steep ascents and descents. Additionally, trekking poles enhance balance and improve posture, allowing trekkers to maintain a steady pace and conserve energy over long distances.

Overall, using trekking poles can significantly enhance the trekking experience by promoting safety and comfort on challenging trails.

Sleeping Bag

A sleeping bag is an essential piece of gear that provides warmth and comfort during nights spent in the mountains. Given the varying temperatures at higher altitudes, a quality sleeping bag helps regulate body heat, ensuring you stay warm even in chilly conditions.

Investing in a good sleeping bag is crucial for ensuring restful sleep, which is vital for maintaining energy levels during your trekking adventures.

Reusable Water Bottles

Do you know, that drinking plenty of water can help you prevent altitude sickness? Make sure to bring a reusable water bottle for the trek. Don’t rely on buying water bottles every time as they will become costly as you trek higher.

Thermal Flask

You need to drink warm water to hydrate in cold weather. It is advised that you bring a thermos flask to store warm water for a long time.

Trash Bags

Pack some trash bags to collect and dispose of your waste properly.

Ziplock Plastic Bags

During the trek, your socks, or other items may become wet. For such instances, you can use ziplock plastic bags to separate wet items from dry ones.

Duct Tape

1 roll of duct tape is enough for you. It can be of many use in your trek. Ripped your pants off, duck tape will help you. If Shoe soles come loose, use duct tape. If the Down jacket loses its filling, use Duct tape. The camera battery is draining, use duct tape. Many trekkers miss out on this accessory but trust me it is of great use.

If you are on the Annapurna Circuit Trek, to cross through Thorang La Pass you have to start your early morning trek at around 3:00 am. Crossing the pass after noon is strictly not recommended so having a head start is a must.

Crampons

Crampons are metal spikes attached to boots, providing essential traction on icy or snowy terrain. They are crucial for trekking in Nepal, especially in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, where trails can become slippery and treacherous.

For treks like Everest Base Camp or the Annapurna Circuit, where snow and ice are common, having crampons is vital for a safe and successful journey.

Electronic Items

Phone

A phone is an essential electronic item for trekking in Nepal, serving multiple purposes. It not only allows for navigation through GPS but also enables emergency communication and capturing photos.

Tip: To preserve your battery for longer, switch your phone to flight mode when not using the internet. Download an app that will work offline if you want to use your phone as a GPS device. I use Maps.ME (Android/IOS) for offline navigation. It’s free and easy to use.

Phone Charger

Carry a phone charger to recharge your phone when in need. Limited electricity is available at remote high-altitude teahouses where you can charge your phone by paying a small amount of cost.

A charger is crucial for keeping your phone charged for navigation, communication, and capturing memorable moments. Additionally, in case of emergencies, a charged phone can be vital for contacting rescue services or loved ones.

Power Bank

A power bank ensures your electronic devices stay charged. For trekking in Nepal, where access to electricity can be limited, a power bank is essential for keeping your phone, GPS, and other devices charged for navigation, communication, and capturing memories.

You can also recharge your power bank and get it fully charged and use it in case of emergency when electricity is not available to charge your mobile phone and other electronic devices. A power bank of 20000mAh will work for all sorts of treks in Nepal. 

Local SIM Card

Purchase a SIM card according to the trek routes. Common network connectivity in Nepal are Ncell and NTC. In some trek routes Ncell works fine and in some trek routes NTC works fine. But in most of the high-altitude treks, there is no network connectivity and you have to rely on wifi which comes with a wifi card with a time limit of 24 hrs to 48 hrs.

Solar Panel

A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity, making it a valuable tool for charging devices in remote areas. Having a solar panel can be essential, as many trekking routes lack reliable access to electricity. This portable power source allows trekkers to charge GPS devices, cameras, and other electronics,

Head Torch with Extra Batteries

A small head torch is recommended in case you are not on time to reach your destination. Some trek routes with high mountain passes need to be completed early for that you need to start your trek early morning where torch lights come in handy. 

Camera and Accessories

If you’re trekking with a camera, remember to pack extra memory cards for your trek. You will also need extra batteries, a charging cable, and a tripod (Optional).

But I recommend you to carry a camera only if you are a photography enthusiast. Carrying a camera adds an extra load to your body. Nowadays, mobile phones are good enough to capture good photos so it's completely optional unless you are a professional photographer or enthusiast.

Tip: Keep your camera batteries warm in cold conditions to stop them from depleting suddenly. Cover battery storage in the camera with Duct Tape to prevent cold air from entering the storage.

Essential Medical Supplies and First Aid Kits

Bandage

A bandage is a small but crucial item to include in your trekking first aid kit. Bandages ensure you’re prepared for minor injuries, helping you stay comfortable and safe throughout your trek.

Pain Relievers (Gel or Spray)

Long hours of hiking, altitude changes, and uneven terrain can lead to muscle aches, joint pain, and headaches. Pain relievers provide immediate relief from discomfort, allowing you to continue your trek with fewer interruptions.

Anti-inflammatory Tablets

Anti-inflammatory tablets, like ibuprofen, help reduce pain and swelling, allowing you to continue your trek more comfortably. These tablets provide immediate relief for injuries or discomfort, ensuring you can manage minor issues on the spot.

Blister Plasters

Blister plasters are specialized adhesive bandages designed to protect and cushion blisters, which are common injuries during trekking. In the rugged terrain of Nepal, where prolonged walking and uneven surfaces can lead to friction and blisters, these plasters are essential for maintaining comfort and preventing further damage to the skin.

Pain Killers

Painkillers can help manage common trekking-related aches and pains, such as muscle soreness, joint pain, and headaches.

Anti-Diarrhoea Tablets

Trekking in Nepal often involves drinking untreated water or eating unfamiliar food, which can lead to gastrointestinal problems. Anti-diarrhea tablets help manage sudden bouts of diarrhea, allowing you to continue your trek without major disruptions.

Tablets for Cold and Gastric

Changes in altitude, weather, diet, water quality, and physical exertion can cause cold and gastric. These tablets can help reduce symptoms and keep you comfortable.

Altitude Sickness Medicine

Altitude sickness medicine is essential for trekking in Nepal, as it helps prevent and treat the symptoms of altitude sickness, which can occur at elevations above 2,500 meters (8,200 feet).

Common medications, such as acetazolamide (Diamox), promote acclimatization by speeding up the body’s adaptation to high altitudes. This medicine can mitigate symptoms of altitude sickness like headaches, nausea, and fatigue, allowing trekkers to enjoy their journey safely.

Oximeter

An oximeter helps you to measure your blood oxygen level. You can quickly check and track your oxygen level and heart rate while trekking to avoid altitude sickness. It is useful, especially in high-altitude treks.

Skin Protection Items

Sunscreen or Sun Protection Creams

UV rays from the Sun are intensified in high altitudes so you need to protect your skin. Sunscreen helps prevent sunburn, skin damage, and long-term health issues. You will trekking for long hours, and applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF is essential to shield the skin from harmful UV radiation.

Reapply the sunscreen every 1-2 hours while trekking as the sweat can wash away the sunscreen very fast.

Moisturizing Creams

Moisturizing creams are essential for maintaining skin hydration, especially in harsh trekking conditions. In Nepal’s varied climate, where high altitudes and dry air can lead to skin dryness and irritation, these creams help protect against chapping and cracking.

They also provide a barrier against environmental elements, reducing the risk of windburn and sun damage. Carrying a good moisturizer is crucial for trekkers to ensure skin health and comfort throughout their journey.

Lip Balm with SPF

A good lip balm with SPF helps protect your lips from sunburn while keeping them moisturized in the dry mountain air. It's a small but vital item that ensures comfort during long days of trekking.

UV Protection Sunglasses

UV protection sunglasses are specially designed eyewear that shields your eyes from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted by the sun. When trekking in Nepal, particularly at higher altitudes where the sun's intensity increases, wearing sunglasses with UV protection is essential to prevent eye damage.

Investing in a good pair of UV protection sunglasses is crucial for maintaining eye health and comfort during your trekking adventures.

Toiletries and Personal Hygiene

Medium-Sized Quick-Drying Towel

A medium-sized quick-drying towel is an essential item due to its lightweight and compact nature, making it easy to pack. These towels dry rapidly, which is crucial in the unpredictable weather conditions often encountered on treks, allowing trekkers to maintain hygiene without carrying excess weight. Additionally, having a quick-drying towel helps prevent odors and keeps your gear fresh during multi-day treks.

Toothbrush and Toothpaste

This simple and regular personal hygiene item helps you keep your teeth clean, preventing bad breath and potential dental issues. As you will be trekking for long days, you need to keep your dental hygiene good.

Toilet paper

Toilet paper can be used for multiple occasions, and a roll will be enough for your trek.

Wet Wipes

Wet wipes are a convenient solution for maintaining cleanliness on the trail. They are particularly useful in remote areas where access to water and bathing facilities is limited. Wet wipes can be used to freshen up after a long day of trekking, wipe away sweat, or clean hands before meals, helping to prevent illness.

Their compact size makes them easy to pack, ensuring trekkers can stay clean and comfortable throughout their journey.

Water Purification Tablets

Although you will have options to buy bottled mineral water in all the shops and teahouses they are very expensive and not good for the environment. Water purification tablets are essential for ensuring safe drinking water, especially when trekking in remote areas like Nepal, where access to clean water can be limited.

These tablets effectively kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and parasites, making contaminated water sources safe for consumption.

Soap

Soap is essential for removing dirt, bacteria, and odors from the skin. Soaps may not be easily available at high-altitude tea houses so you should bring one for your trek. Using biodegradable soap is especially important in trekking environments to minimize environmental impact and preserve the natural beauty of the landscape.

Sanitizer

Sanitizer keeps your hygiene game up. You can carry a small sanitizer and it is very easy to use and takes up very little space. You may not have the option everywhere to wash your hands in the middle of the trek if you want to have some light energy snacks on the trek. So a hand sanitizer can be of use for this purpose.

Nail Clipper

Nail Clipper can be useful if you are on a long trek. It is optional and won’t take up much space in your rucksack and can be adjusted easily.

Shave Kit and Small Mirror

It is completely an optional item and depends on your personal choice.

Trek Essential Documents

Passport

You must have a passport A passport is a vital travel document that serves as proof of identity and nationality. It is required for obtaining necessary permits, such as the TIMS (Trekkers' Information Management System) and national park entry permits.

Make a copy of your passport and carry it with you and keep a digital copy as well in your phone.

Travel Insurance

You must have a comprehensive travel insurance policy that covers high-altitude trekking. The policy should cover unexpected situations like helicopter evacuation, medical treatment, and trip cancellations. Most travel insurance companies will have a 24/7 medical emergency number you can contact in an emergency.

Carry a printed copy of your insurance policy and keep a digital copy.

Trekking Permits

Trekking permits are mandatory for all trekkers to trek any region in the country. These are the official documents to regulate and manage trekking activities in protected areas and restricted regions. Without these permits, trekkers may face fines, legal issues, or be denied entry to certain areas.

Waterproof Document Wallet

The wallet keeps your essentials like passport, permits, and travel insurance details safe from rain, snow, and humidity, ensuring they remain dry and secure throughout your trek. It's compact, lightweight, and easy to carry, providing peace of mind so you can focus on enjoying your trekking adventure without worrying about the safety of your vital documents.

Cash

Remote and High-altitude trekking areas in Nepal lack ATMs and card facilities. You must carry the cash you need for your trek for any type of meal or accommodation or tipping guides or porters. Consult with the travel agency regarding the package on whether you are paying for all your accommodation, food, transport, and permits yourself, or if you have paid for an inclusive trekking package. 

Make sure you carry cash in Nepali currency to spend in the teahouses as they don't accept foreign currencies.

Miscellaneous and Snacks

Books

You will have free time at the teahouses most days, so you can have a book to pass the time during long waits. Reading can also provide a mental escape, helping trekkers relax and unwind after a day of hiking.

Games

Playing games is a great way to pass the time, bond with fellow trekkers, and keep spirits high after a long day of hiking. You can buy cards or board games easily in Kathmandu and Pokhara.

Snacks

The terrain can be challenging, with steep ascents and unpredictable weather, making it crucial to maintain energy levels. You can pack various High-calorie and nutrition-rich snacks for day hikes including energy bars, chocolates, dried fruits, peanut butter, or nuts for energy.

Pocket Knife

A Pocket knife is a compact, versatile tool. You can use it for a variety of tasks, such as cutting rope, preparing food, or making quick repairs to gear. Its small size makes it easy to carry, and its utility can be invaluable in remote areas where specialized tools may not be available.

Buying and Renting Trekking Gears in Nepal

Buying Cheap Trekking Gears

There are many options to buy trekking gear in Nepal. From branded to cheap trekking gear and accessories everything is available for you.

Kathmandu and Pokhara are the popular starting point for many trekking and mountaineering adventures. So, if you forget something—don't worry! You can buy anything on this list in Kathmandu or Pokhara. The streets of Thamel in Kathmandu and the lakeside in Pokhara are full of shops selling trekking gear. You can buy pretty much everything in the shops to tick off your packing list including clothing, backpacks, and additional accessories like head torches, water bottles, trekking poles, and sleeping bags.

Prices in these shops are usually negotiable, and the quality of the gear can vary a lot. There is no assurance of guarantee in the gears. The stitching won't be strong, the fitting issues will be there in the product, and the zipper is more likely to break soon. However, I would not recommend buying cheap trekking gear that is essential to your safety and comfort such as hiking boots or waterproof clothing.

Buying Genuine Trekking Gears

There are genuine trekking gear shops in Kathmandu and Pokhara if you’re looking for good quality, authentic products. Shop like Sherpa Adventure Gear has branded clothing and equipment where you can find many international brands along with their brand of clothing and trek kits.

Several international outdoor gear shops have their stores in Thamel and Pokhara including The North Face, Columbia, Marmot, and Mountain Hardwear.

Renting Trekking Gears in Nepal

If you are not interested in buying all the trekking gear, you can also get them on rent. This is very common for items like sleeping bags, down jackets, and trekking poles. You pay a fee per item per day, plus a deposit. Quality can vary, so be sure to check the gears properly. Some places will rent genuine gear, but most will rent locally-made gear. It is important to rent from a reliable shop to ensure the gear is well taken care of and well inspected after each use.

Conclusion

Nepal offers some of the world’s most stunning and rewarding trekking experiences. If you are planning your trek for the first time in Nepal, then backpacking can be stressful.

By following the above-recommended packing list for trekking in Nepal, you will be well-prepared for your trekking journey and create unforgettable memories.