Reasons why you should trek to Upper Mustang
Upper Mustang, often called the “Last Forbidden Kingdom,” is one of Nepal’s most hidden and culturally rich trekking destinations. Located in the rain shadow of the Himalayas, this mystical region offers a rare combination of stunning high-altitude desert landscapes, ancient Tibetan Buddhist culture, and the opportunity to explore an untouched part of the world.
With its deep historical significance, remote beauty, and unique blend of natural and cultural wonders, Upper Mustang Trek stands out as a truly exceptional destination for adventurers seeking an off-the-beaten-path experience.
In this guide I will explore why you should trek to Upper Mustang and why it should be on your bucket list, highlighting its rich cultural heritage, stunning vistas, and the adventure it promises for all levels of trekkers.
The Ancient Kingdom of Lo Manthang: A Window to the Past
Lo Manthang, the ancient walled city of Upper Mustang, is not just a highlight of the trek—it’s the heart and soul of this region. Founded in the 1380s by the first King of Lo, the city was once the capital of the Kingdom of Lo, an independent kingdom that remained isolated from the rest of the world for centuries. This isolation has helped preserve the unique Tibetan culture and traditions of the people of Upper Mustang.
When you walk through the narrow alleys of Lo Manthang, you’re stepping into a world that has changed little over time. The whitewashed mud-brick houses, towering monasteries, and the royal palace in the center of the city are reminiscent of a bygone era. The locals here still practice age-old Tibetan customs, speak the Loke dialect, and follow Tibetan Buddhism. What’s truly fascinating is that the royal family of Mustang continues to live here, offering a glimpse into the region's monarchical history.
Lo Manthang also serves as the cultural hub for the region, hosting important festivals like Teeji, which I’ll cover in detail later. Exploring the city and its surroundings, you’ll feel like you’ve discovered one of the last remnants of ancient Tibetan civilization, a world hidden high in the Himalayas.
Diverse and Breathtaking Landscapes
One of the most striking features of the Upper Mustang trek is the incredibly diverse landscape. It’s not what you’d typically expect from a trek in Nepal. Instead of dense forests and snowy mountains, Upper Mustang greets you with a high-altitude desert. As you trek through the region, you’ll pass through canyons, wind-sculpted cliffs, and dramatic rock formations that are painted in shades of red, orange, and brown.
The Rain Shadow Region
Upper Mustang lies in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges, meaning it receives very little rainfall compared to the rest of Nepal. This makes it one of the driest and most barren regions in the country, with an almost lunar-like landscape. The arid conditions also mean that trekking here is possible even during the monsoon season when other regions are drenched in rain.
Upper Mustang receives less than 300 millimeters of rainfall annually, which is why the region has earned its reputation as the "Trans-Himalayan Desert."
As you hike through this unique terrain, you’ll encounter deep gorges carved by ancient rivers, vast plateaus, and cliffs that rise dramatically above the trail. The contrast between the dusty landscape and the lush green valleys of the lower Mustang is a visual treat, creating some of the most breathtaking scenery you’ll ever witness.
Beautiful Views of the Snow-Capped Mountains
While Upper Mustang is known for its desert-like terrain, you’ll never be far from the majestic snow-capped peaks that surround the region. The Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges provide a stunning backdrop throughout the trek, offering uninterrupted views of the towering Himalayas. As you climb higher and traverse the mountain passes, these mighty peaks appear closer, standing in stark contrast to the barren terrain below.
This combination of desert landscapes and snow-capped giants creates a unique environment that few other treks in Nepal can offer.
Teeji Festival
One of the most culturally enriching experiences of trekking to Upper Mustang is the chance to witness the Teeji Festival. Held annually in Lo Manthang, this vibrant festival marks the triumph of good over evil, celebrating the story of Dorje Jono, a deity who fought to save the kingdom from destruction.
The festival takes place over three days, typically in May, and features ritual dances performed by monks in elaborate costumes and masks. These dances reenact the ancient myth of Dorje Jono, with choreography that has been passed down through generations. The atmosphere during Teeji is electric, with locals and pilgrims from nearby villages gathering in the city to witness the performances and offer their prayers.
As an outsider, being able to observe and participate in this ancient festival is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. It offers a glimpse into the deep-rooted spiritual traditions of the region, which have remained intact despite the passage of time.
Ancient Gompas and Monasteries
Ancient and revered Buddhist monasteries are scattered across the Upper Mustang. These gompas (monasteries) serve as spiritual centers for the local people, housing sacred texts, religious relics, and murals that date back centuries.
Chhoser Cave Monastery
One of the most fascinating sites is the Chhoser Cave Monastery, located on a cliffside near Lo Manthang. This monastery is believed to have been carved out of the rock thousands of years ago and offers stunning views of the Mustang Valley. Inside, you’ll find prayer rooms adorned with thankas (religious paintings), statues of Buddha, and other symbols of Tibetan Buddhism.
Beyond Chhoser, you’ll encounter other monasteries like Tashi Kabum and Ghar Gompa, each with its unique history and significance. These monasteries are not just places of worship but also repositories of art and culture, making them a must-visit for anyone trekking to Upper Mustang.
Unique Cultural Experience
Upper Mustang is one of the few places in the world where Tibetan culture remains largely untouched by modernity. The people of Mustang, known as Lobas, have preserved their Tibetan heritage, practicing Buddhism, wearing traditional Tibetan clothing, and speaking the Tibetan language.
As you pass through the region’s small villages, you’ll be welcomed by locals who lead a simple lifestyle. Many of the homes are built from mud and stone, with prayer flags fluttering in the wind and mani walls (stone walls carved with Buddhist prayers) lining the trails.
What makes the cultural experience in Upper Mustang truly unique is its authenticity. Unlike more commercialized trekking routes, where the local culture has been diluted by tourism, the people of Upper Mustang continue to live as they have for centuries. This provides trekkers with a rare opportunity to witness and participate in traditional Tibetan life.
Mysterious Caves of Upper Mustang
One of the greatest mysteries of Upper Mustang is the presence of thousands of ancient caves carved into the cliffs and mountainsides. These caves, many of which are still unexplored, are believed to date back over 2,000 years. They were used as dwellings, meditation chambers, and even burial sites by the ancient inhabitants of the region.
The most famous of these are the Sky Caves of Nepal or the Mustang Caves, which are located high above the valley floor, accessible only by ropes and ladders. Inside these caves, archaeologists have uncovered a treasure trove of relics, including ancient manuscripts, pottery, and human remains. Some of the caves are adorned with paintings and carvings that offer a glimpse into the spiritual and artistic life of Mustang’s ancient inhabitants.
Exploring these caves feels like stepping into an archaeological mystery, with discoveries still being made to this day. The sheer scale and number of caves remain one of Upper Mustang’s most intriguing secrets, drawing in researchers and adventurers alike.
Remote Adventure
Upper Mustang offers a truly remote trekking experience that is increasingly rare in the modern world. Far from the bustling trekking routes of Everest or Annapurna, Upper Mustang sees only a small number of trekkers each year, allowing for a more solitary and intimate experience.
This remoteness, coupled with the otherworldly landscape, makes the Upper Mustang feel like a hidden gem waiting to be discovered. As you trek through the region, you’ll pass through remote villages, cross high-altitude passes, and follow ancient trade routes that once connected Tibet with Nepal.
For those seeking an off-the-beaten-path adventure, Upper Mustang is the perfect destination.
Moderately Challenging but Ideal for Everyone
Despite its remote location and rugged landscape, trekking in the Upper Mustang is relatively moderate in terms of difficulty. The highest point on the trek is the Gyu La Pass 4,077 m / 10,503 ft which is manageable for most trekkers with a moderate level of fitness. The trails are well-marked, and while there are some steep ascents, the trek does not require technical climbing skills.
This makes Upper Mustang an ideal destination for trekkers of all ages, including those who may not be seasoned mountaineers. With proper acclimatization and a steady pace, the trek can be enjoyed by families, solo travelers, and groups alike.
Although the Upper Mustang trek is moderate in difficulty, it does require some preparation, especially when it comes to securing permits. You can explore the details of Upper Mustang Trek Permits and Costs to ensure your trip goes smoothly.
Fewer Crowds, More Solitude
Unlike the heavily trafficked routes of Everest Base Camp or the Annapurna Circuit, Upper Mustang offers a more peaceful and solitary trekking experience. The region is protected as a restricted area, requiring a Restricted Area Permit (RAP) to enter, which limits the number of trekkers and helps preserve its unique environment and culture.
You’ll have the trails mostly to yourself, allowing for moments of reflection and serenity as you trek through one of the most awe-inspiring landscapes on Earth.
Conclusion
If you’re looking for a trekking experience that combines cultural immersion, remote adventure, and jaw-dropping landscapes, Upper Mustang should be at the top of your list. The ancient kingdom of Lo Manthang, the mysterious caves, the Tibetan monasteries, and the unique desert landscape make it a destination like no other.
Upper Mustang offers a chance to step back in time, explore a region that remains largely untouched by modernity, and embark on a trekking adventure that few others have experienced. So, pack your bags, lace up your boots, and get ready for the adventure of a lifetime in Upper Mustang.